Hydronic boiler piping diagram. x 20°ΔT = 10,000 BTU's/hour.

Hydronic boiler piping diagram. ru/qrjvmnj/norwegian-prima-current-itinerary.

Hydronic boiler piping diagram. THE WATERSIDE pH MUST BE MAINTAINED BETWEEN 6. Drawing 5 < In Variable Primary piping systems, there is one set of system pumps, generally piped in parallel, that distributes water through the heating equipment and terminal units. 1-2010 and 2013 which says that when a boiler plant includes more than one boiler, provisions shall be made so that the flow in the boiler plant can be automatically reduced, correspondingly Technical Documents. An IFIRE condensing boiler for hydronic heating. Aug 8, 2016 · You leave the boiler with a full-size supply main and enter a tee. 5 and 8. 3) Add a variable speed circulator with a ΔT control to maintain a maximum ΔT for the boiler. We use Webstone Cast Iron Gas Boiler For Forced Hot Water INSTALLATION, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MANUAL Models BWBCAN000060 BWBCAN000095 BWBCAN000120 BWBCAN000150 BWBCAN000175 BWBCAN000205 BWBCAN000235 PN IM-BWBC-01 [240012884 REV C, 11/15/2020] Mar 3, 2021 · Once you know the floor area of the space you need to heat, and the piping diameter, calculating your Heat-Sheet quantities using our One Minute Estimator becomes a breeze. x 20°ΔT = 10,000 BTU's/hour. The hot water tends to flow upwards and cold water tends to flow downwards. This manual walks you through routine maintenance procedures for the Radiantec Basic Solar Domestic Water Heater. Jun 20, 2017 · Unlike forced-air heating, which works by blowing warm air through large ducts, a hydronic system uses a dedicated water heater or a boiler (or even your existing water heater) as a heat source. • Eliminates boiler pumps, additional piping & valves –Lower installation costs –Lower maintenance costs –Lower operational (kWh) costs • Eliminates mixing to maximize thermal efficiency • Simpler system designs • Smaller boiler plant footprint Monday, December 01, 2014 Modern Hydronic Designs For Condensing Boilers 23 Dec 22, 2000 · Supplying all loads from a single heat plant increases the duty cycle of that plant, thereby improving fuel efficiency relative to several individually fired appliances. It uses multiple fuel sources and has multiple emitter types. The elevation of the supply and return lines are therefore important for proper functionality. Dec 14, 2013 · To do that, we’re going to start with the humble piping tee and a concept known as the “Tee Law. They indicated the need for an issue directed at those new to hydronics, as well as one that could refresh and clarify basic concepts to those already working with hydronic systems. Feb 22, 2017 · The majority of PEX usage for hydronic applications is for in-floor radiant installations, with some additional tubing possibly being used for distribution piping to feed the manifolds connected to the radiant loops in the floor. Keeping delta T constant: Q = 8. This isn't accurate but placing a thermometer on the baseboard itself, it read 127F on the copper pipe. It’s not a huge part of our business, but the projects are typically large, and we do half a dozen or so per year in the greater Chicago area. It is designed for those who […] High Efficiency Direct Fired Hot Water Boilers Atmospheric Gas Fired "R" Models 300,000 to 6,800,000 BTU Gas Fired. The bottom line is that a piping method is "correct" when a boiler has proper water flow, and the system receives the BTUs and water flow that is In a hot water gravity heating system the circulation of water is a result of the density difference between hot water in the supply lines and cold water in the return lines. A circulator on the boiler side of the bypass raises the return water temperature. See the heater's Instruction Manual for all other needed information. Recent Posts. Hydronics is the use of water as the heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems. HYDRONIC HEATING BOILERS use hot water to distribute heat through piping and baseboards or radiators. The piping around the close spaced tees should be of ample size to allow proper flow in either direction. Accessories. The piping diagram starts with the cold water supply BASIC HYDRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN. They are generally needed whenever pumps are used for control. Hydronic boilers can be piped in many ways. HYDRONIC HEATINGAND COOLING. — heating help. The main purpose of the Hartford Loop is to create a water seal or trap that prevents Apr 5, 2007 · 1) Add a boiler system bypass loop between the supply and the return in the near boiler piping. Abstract: A steam boiler's condensate return piping is connected to the piping that directly connects the boiler outlet pipe to the boiler's water return connection above the boiler's water level to reduce water level fluctuations in the boiler. Armstrong's Best Practices Piping Diagrams for Steam and Condensate Systems Steam Turbine - Superheated Single Stage High Pressure (>650 psig/45 bar ≤ 1245 PSIG/ 86 BAR) Nov 8, 2016 · Atmospheric Hot Water Boiler Piping Schematic - Single Boiler: Search. Fire tube boilers have rather small pressure drops compared with water tube boilers. This would require an additional DPDT relay to disable the heating circ when DHW call is present. Your boiler Concept drawings of the IFIRE models. filter flow rate shall be sized base on eight (8) water system volume changes per day. A hot water boiler system will heat the water to 180 degrees Fahrenheit on a cold day and then a pump will pump the hot water through a piping circuit or a piping loop to deliver Always insulate beneath a radiant floor system whether on or above grade. 30 m) above any door, window, or gravity air inlet to the building. The blue and red arrows show normal movement of water through an operational system. Sep 18, 2018 · On September 28, 2018, Appropriate Designs, in collaboration with Capraro Technologies, Inc. Feb 23, 2024 · Heat piping system dual pump boiler source mechanical mod con heating water hydronic plumbing pipe cooling systems radiant figure siegenthaler [download 30+] boiler diagram piping Boiler piping water hot system basic steam drawing basics part hvacrschool WATER systems that convey heat to or from a conditioned space or process with hot or chilled water are frequently called hydronic systems. Terminal Units Fan Coils, Chilled Beams, Finned Tube, Radiant, etc. Jan 17, 2022 · 2. $ 75. If that is true, there are some “insane” hydronic system designers in North America. Not a DIY project but if your going to have a contractor install a hydronic radiant system - this video shows you how it should be installed. Screw the metal mounting brackets to the plywood panel, then hang the combination heater onto the brackets. Install a ½” male adaptor in the ½” fittings on top of boiler to be used for a boiler water fill July 2021. Note Arrange piping to prevent water dripping onto boiler. These diagrams show the layout and connections of the various components, including the boiler, pumps, valves, and expansion tanks. The Flo Control Valve is statically weighted to approximately . air/dirt separator, line size. If you ask 5 hydronic techs, you'll probably get 5 different piping and control strategies to do the same project. TC 6. 0. You'll get varying answers to preferences for zoning. /gal. 1. With a proven service record of several decades, it will undoubtedly retain a large portion of both new and retrofit markets for hydronic heating. Figure 1 shows the basic piping layout of a VPF system. The duct system distributes heated air into Jan 12, 2017 · It is a hybrid system in a sense. Refer to Installation Diagram Pg 6; install ½” male adaptors in both fittings on domestic water coil. Starting from scratch, a thorough discussion of hydronics technology would require hundreds of pages. Excerpts: HEATING BOILER - Definition: an enclosed steel or cast iron container that uses an energy source to heat water (or make steam) that is sent through heat radiating devices in the occupied space to heat a building. Design conditions at high fire: 920,000 = 8. In this case the pressure drop at 34 GPM is only 3 hot water generator water generator circulator from system relief valve max expansion tank y-strainer (recommended) ball valve (typical) air seperator drain port (typical) system circulator to system pressure reducing valve back flow preventer pressure gauge make up water flow check valve (typical) boiler pump Figure 1 shows a recirculating hot water loop and a tempered water outlet in a simple residential installation. 1/2” PEX Tubing 5/8” PEX Tubing. Raypak Pool & Spa, Residential and Commercial Hydronic Products -. To solve the issue, Carlson suggested raising the boiler temperature and installing a small, in-line booster . Because there can be no joints in the PEX tubing in the floor Water-to-water heat pumps heat water, allowing the design of a hydronic heating system with the benefi ts of more effi cient energy distribution, lower operating costs and better comfort. Aug 1, 2000 · Boiler bypass lines must be installed with care to prevent serious difficulties from developing in the system. 4) Add a diverting loop to the boiler piping. 34 x 60 x 25 x 30. Install a boiler drain valve in the other large opening at bottom of boiler. The supply temperature hardly read 180F, it is mostly 155F - 165F. x 60 min. Residential Products. About Hydraulic Separation: Hydraulic separation uses primary/secondary piping to separate the boiler from the heating system. Water flows through piping that connects a boiler, water heater, or chiller to suitable terminal heat transfer units located at the space or process. Piping hydronic pipe heat boiler system loop tee layouts Since most conventional boilers are designed to produce super hot water (185-degrees), Radiant Floor Company builds what we call “split” manifolds for multiple zone “closed” systems that use radiant floor heat in combination with standard baseboard radiators, fan coils, cast iron radiators, or any other hydronic heating device that requires super hot temperatures. Scope of TC 6. sales now exceed 11 million linear feet annually. Obviously, the two-way control valve will close, and the heating will cease. Einstein’s definition of insanity was doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results. Mar 22, 2016 · A thermostatic mixing valve provides anti-scald protection before the domestic hot water passes into the plumbing distribution system. A circulating pump moves the hot water through the PEX tubing and back to the heater. The terminal units are the heat exchangers that transfer the thermal energy May 12, 2020 · The new features include: More than 50 new component symbols for devices such as magnetic separators, air-to-water heat pumps and specialized buffer tanks; YouTube tutorials; and Expanding library of “templates” that serve as starting points for basic hydronic schematics. 2. Create Date December 14, 2016. Always insulate beneath a radiant floor system whether on or above grade. 13. 11. Here we explain each and everyone of them and the important roles they play. O. Smith Products & water heaters. For a heating system, the ideal location is at the outlet of the heat source. Flo Control Valves are weighted check valves and are used to block flow as induced by slight common piping pressure drop or by gravity heads. Sep 1, 2005 · Heat sources may utilize steam, hot water, gas, oil or electricity. Even the best systems are 95-96% effi cient. Triton. There’s no definitive roadmap when it comes to the design Piping Layout Commercial Heat Pump Only. Watersystems that convey heat to or from a conditioned space or process with hot or chilled water are frequently called hydronic systems. This type of valve is often used in hydronic systems A typical combi boiler piping diagram consists of several key components. Feb 22, 2017 · construction of Modulex EXT boilers resist acidic conditions, they are still vulnerable to highly alkaline environments (pH of 9. Dec 14, 2016 · Hot Water Heater Piping Diagram. 3 gpm. spirotherm, no equivalent. I know that the combi boiler is a mod condensing boiler with a outdoor sensor, but even in single digit temperature. These include the boiler itself, expansion vessel, pump, pressure relief valve, and various valves and controls. Add to Shopping-List. Installer is responsible for all equipment required by authority having jurisdiction. 2) Change the piping arrangement to a primary/secondary type of piping with a decoupling loop. Typical Single Boiler Hot Water Boiler Piping System Since the circulating system depends on a pump for circulation, it is not important that the pipe be graded in order for condensate to reach a low point. It shows how the pipes, valves, and fittings are arranged to ensure proper flow and distribution of hot water or steam throughout the system. OPEN PIPING SYSTEMS An open piping system is one in which a part of the piping circuitry contains a reservoir that is open to the atmosphere, such as a cooling tower or pond, air washer, open storage tank, or a similar device . A typical open system is illustrated in Figure 1. But in the real world that often doesn't happen, which makes checking the possible output of the installed radiation against the heat loss and the boiler size a useful exercise. Rethinking tank piping. The less componentry, the better, as long as the zone is balanced and controllable. designed the heating system. Stainless steel heat exchanger Allows system water to flow through specially designed Example: High Turndown Boiler with Minimum Flow Requirement. (See Diagram pg 7). Boiler manufacturers emphasize bypass lines today—and with good reason. November 29, 2021. A 20-mesh strainer (or finer) is required at each boiler inlet. Patent 6,349,677, issued February 26, 2002. In a dropdown link below, click an image to view a piping diagram scenario. The Tee Law simply states that what goes in the opening (s) of the tee must come out the remaining opening (s). Metals, including aluminum, steel, iron, and copper used in hydronic heating systems are highly reactive The Hartford Loop is a piping arrangement used in steam boiler systems to prevent condensate from flooding and damaging the steam boiler. S. Nov 29, 2021 · Hydronic Snowmelt Systems 101. It shows the location of the boiler or other heat source, the distribution pipes that carry the fluid to the different zones or rooms in the building, and the return pipes that bring the cooled fluid back to the heat source for re-heating Commercial Boilers & Water Heaters | Patterson-Kelley The vent shall terminate at least 4 feet (1. side stream bag filter with bolt-on top, side inlet, bottom outlet, 30 micron size bags. 4. HP 2 STORAGE TANK AMBIENT BOOST. will release HydroSketch, a cloud-based software tool for making piping and electrical schematics associated with hydronic systems. 1 This volume of the design manual establishes VA requirements on the quantity, capacity, arrangement, and standby capability of the boilers and auxiliary equipment. HP 1 STORAGE TANK INLINE BOOST. Generation Equipment Boilers, Chillers, Cooling Towers, WWHPs, etc. Historically, in large-scale commercial buildings such as high CHAPTER 13. Assume 92% efficiency, design delta T of 30°F. . Heat-Sheet comes in bundles, and the Apr 7, 2017 · STEAM BOILER PIPING [PDF] U. Do not terminate the vent in a window well, stairwell, alcove, courtyard, or other recessed area. Mixing valves are recommended on all tanks if hot water temperature is above 119oF. The diagram shows how these components are interconnected and how the water flows through the system. A circulator on the system side of the bypass lowers the supply water temperature. A hydronic piping system is used to circulate chilled or hot water with the connections between the piping and the terminal units made in a series loop. All piping diagrams are shown with optional DHW Indirect Tank where applicable. AERCO offers an extensive library of technical documents for our condensing boilers and high efficiency water heaters including installation, operation and maintenance manuals, brochures, technical data sheets, drawings, specifications and schedules, application and piping guidelines and more. However, you may also hear smaller sizes like ⅜" or 5/16", or possibly sizes as large as 1". The boiler would be considered secondary piping as it is piped out of the branch of the closely spaced tees. We installed our first hydronic snowmelt system in 1995. Overview of a 3-way mixing valve. Please remember the following: In Massachusetts, a combination space heating/water heating system is required to purge itself every 6 hours. The vent cannot terminate below grade. This piping arrangements not only assures that proper operation, but it will also help owners meet the criteria of ASHRAE 90. Or, instead of using the Taco SR503, you could use a Caleffi ZSR103 where you can choose to disable the primary pump when the priority pump is on. Apr 1, 2003 · The second three-way thermostatic valve bypasses hot water from the boiler outlet back into the return water flow whenever it senses the return temperature falling below its setpoint. A blower moves air across the hot water coil and transfers heat from the hot water into the airstream. A system with an open-type expansion tank, is considered an open system. Understanding these diagrams is essential for properly installing and troubleshooting radiant Installation & Operation Manual 4 The Knight Boiler - How it works 1. 33 lbs. Literature. The pumps will have a head based on the very short piping to and from the boilers, the fittings, the check/balance valve, the common pipe, and the boilers. hydronic heating professionals. Boiler primary secondary piping diagrams are essential for the efficient functioning of a heating system. Consideration should be given to flue gas condensation and thermal shock to the boiler from low return fluid temperatures. The basic components of this configuration and all home hydronic heating system include: - Inlet water control valve. [1] [2] The name differentiates such systems from oil and refrigerant systems. Multiple boilers and storage tanks shall be installed with reverse return piping (as shown). 00. /hr. 1,000,000 BTU/HR input boiler. This includes the application of boilers, chillers, terminal units, and all accessories and controls making up the total system as well as the design of the integrated system. This action limits the amount of heat delivered to the other three-way valve when necessary to prevent the distribution system from gulping down heat faster than Radiantec Basic Solar Domestic Water Heater Owners Manual. The heat plant in most modern multi-load hydronic systems is one or more gas- or oil-fired boiler (s). The piping shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 all involve four principal piping connections on the sides of the thermal storage tank, two into the upper portion and two into the lower portion. Boiler has 20:1 turndown and minimum flow requirement of 25 gpm. The boiler loop is connected to the heating system by closely spaced tees or a low loss Radiant heat boiler piping diagrams are schematic representations of the piping system used in radiant heating systems. Boiler fill and domestic water piping. Last Updated November 6, 2018. You take the money you were going to spend on the other purge valves and you go buy something nice for yourself. Hydronic systems may be used for both a chilled and a heated water loop with chillers and cooling towers used separately or together as a means to provide water cooling, while boilers heat the water. Hot Water Solutions Since 1939 | Lochinvar | Lochinvar Hydronic piping design details how hydronic systems should operate and be constructed. By Jason Ridgeway. A typical boiler piping diagram is a graphical representation of the layout and configuration of the piping system that connects a boiler to the various components of a heating system. They repeatedly cling to certain system piping configurations, even though existing projects using those 9. 1. Use either indirect/tank sensor or system/pipe sensor mounted on common return to the boiler. pump on the supply riser of each building. High temperature water (180 degrees to 200 degrees F) is available for GENERAL INFORMATION - HYDRONIC PIPING Note Provided Wiring and Piping illustrations are meant to show system concepts only. It is a vital component of steam boiler installations and plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient operation. In other words, if you’ve got 150 GPM going into the tee, you’re going to have 150 GPM exiting the tee. 3) size the boiler and the radiation to the heat loss. This issue fills that need. Decoupler Primary Pumps Closely Spaced Tees P-1 & P-2 Distribution Piping Air / Dirt Separator Expansion Tank Secondary Pumps P-B-1 & P-B-2. In our system, an air handler is used. That's going to be the purge valve for your system. Nov 8, 2021 · This does not seem like much but remember, 10% of the flow will cause 50% of the heat in a hydronic coil. packaged glycol feed Nov 1, 2018 · Some heating equipment includes the pump shipped internally. 2” of blue, pink, green or yellow board (not white bead board or polyurethane) is strongly recommend for slab on grade concrete slabs and R13 is the minimum recommended for upper level wood floors. The two sources of heat are a HTP condensing LP gas boiler and an Econoburn high-efficiency wood boiler connected to a 1,000-gallon buffer tank. 3. Since Heat-Sheet panels are each 8ft2, simply divide the floor area you want to heat by 8, and you have your required panel quantity. 01 1. An IFIRE condensing boiler with a vertical tank. The following data was calculated based upon systems with Return Water Temperatures above 80 F. Radiant heat boiler piping diagramBoiler heating system water primary hot secondary loops piping set supply radiant diagram gas multiple boilers fired furnace systems floor Hydronic piping heat temp dual plans heating6 zone boiler wiring and piping, buderus, honeywell. * Documents have not been released and will be available soon. 34 x 60 x m x 30 m = 61. Perfect for the do it yourselfers & pros. Description. File Count 1. In this case, there will be no flow at 0. It is designed to regulate the temperature of the fluid by mixing hot and cold water in the correct proportions. Expansion tank must be rated for use with potable water. 8. The system pumps distribute water to the terminal units and the boiler Hydronic Unit Heaters HH, VH Hydronic Unit Heaters Catalog Single Boiler Piping Diagram 4/20/2016 Piping Diagram View simple piping and wiring drawings for residential scenarios: Two-sided installation with low-loss header diagram, Two-sided installation with DHW and IBC air handler with modulating fan diagram, Two-sided installation with DHW and buffer tank diagram, Two-sided installation with DHW and radiant floor diagram, Two-boiler installation with DHW and buffer tank loads diagram, Three-load Dec 29, 2019 · Hydronic Piping Systems. These systems are a popular and energy-efficient method of heating and cooling buildings. 1 is concerned with all aspects of hydronic and steam systems. 67 KB. 12. The idea You will still need to address the boiler's return temps and protect from condensation. The engineer chose to put a Bell & Gossett model 3DS-3B triple duty valve on the pump. Add to Cart. Blue = cool water while red = furnace heated water. The pump is external and moves water from the heat source to the hot water coil in the air handler. The Primary-Secondary piping arrangement includes two sets of pumps, system pumps, and boiler pumps. 0 and above). The largest we’ve installed is 55,000 square feet. ”. Pexheat. The following primary/secondary piping design guidelines should be used for AERCO AM Series Boiler and Water Heater installations. Our FREE floor heating installation manuals are written in easy to understand language with pictures and diagrams. However, for complete details on system design, be sure to contact a commercial radiant design professional or a radiant piping manufacturer’s design department for expertise beyond the basics. This piping is a good application if all the zones are looking for the same temperature water. 2 m) horizontally from or 1 foot (0. Fossil fuel furnaces and boilers are always less than 100% effi cient. Renewable energy resources may be used with heat pumps. Hydronic baseboard was first introduced in the late 1940s as a lightweight and easily installed alternative to cast-iron radiators, and its current U. HP 3 STORAGE TANK AMBIENT BOOST. One firm had signifi-cantly oversized the primary main piping, while the other firm had undersized the distribution and radia-tion piping. Water flows through piping that connects a boiler, water heater, or chiller to suitable terminal heat transfer units located at the space or process. It applies to the design of new boiler, boiler replacement, and modification of existing boiler(s), in all climates. The piping diagram provides a visual representation of how the hot water or steam flows through the system. 66 feet in the common pipe. An IFIRE condensing boiler with three vertical tanks. Custom Supply Piping Diagram per Manifold and/or Heat Source. Learn more. Jun 15, 2015 · The best place to locate an air separator in a hydronic system is where the water temperature is high and the pressure is low. Apr 20, 2023 · Hydronic piping systems work by using a closed-loop system of pipes to circulate hot water or steam to radiators, baseboard heaters, or other heat exchangers. Pipe a 1/2" boiler drain into the top of the tee. The solubility of the dissolved gases in the water is lowest at these conditions. 10. com Custom Supply Piping Diagrams are created by trained professionals familiar with your project. Hydronics (from Ancient Greek hydro- 'water') is the use of liquid water or gaseous water ( steam) or a water solution (usually glycol with water) as a heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems. List of all Piping Diagrams for A. The house has a mix of radiant floor heating, flat-panel radiators and high-efficiency baseboard. Combi Boiler Installation in 10 Steps: Mount a plywood panel to the basement wall to serve as a mounting panel for the new combination boiler. 82 KB. Feb 15, 2017 · Piping layouts to avoid in hydronic systems. By providing a visual representation of the piping system, these diagrams help ensure that the flow of hot water is Oct 9, 2023 · The coil or system loop will be called the secondary. 2 The requirements of this manual shall apply to all the term boiler to refer to different subcategories of boilers, such as power boilers, high-temperature water boilers, steam heating boilers, or hot-water heating boilers. You only need one purge valve. A 3-way mixing valve is a mechanical device that is commonly used in heating and cooling systems to control the flow of water or other fluids. HydroSketch was created for those who need to quickly and easily create schematic drawings for hydronic heating or cooling systems. Primary/secondary piping creates two connected loops: a primary loop for the boiler and a secondary loop for the heating system. 2. 2 m) below, 4 feet (1. Newsletter 2023/2024; Newsletter 2022/2023; Newsletter 2021/2022; What is an Oct 16, 2023 · This broad overview will provide guidance for the fundamentals to know when designing a hydronic radiant snow and ice melting system. Download. chemical pot feeder. File Size 166. The process begins with a boiler or water heater that heats the water or steam. 2) do the heat loss calc. 6 ft. Boiler manufacturers have preferred methods, as do designers and installers, and there are always discussions about which methods are correct. In addition to comfort applications of both heating and cooling, snow melting systems This sort of configuration is normally found in a small, single story home. Sep 21, 2006 · 1) tighten and insulate the building envelope. Alternative heat sources may utilize engine generators, condensate and other waste heat sources. Run new gas, electrical, and plumbing lines to the plywood panel. 1-1/2 to 150HP Steam Boiler Recommended Steam Piping (Detail 1) 1 file (s) 84. These diagrams depict the layout of the pipes and valves that connect the boiler to the various heating zones in a building. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers’ (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) regulates the design and construction of boilers (1, 2). The diagrams display connections of major components in Hot water boilers or steam boilers can be used to heat water and deliver the water to heat exchangers inside the building for both comfort heating and process heating. of water head. Jan 8, 2016 · My question is related to this topic and it is about the following code: "607. For chilled water systems, locate the separator in the heating hot water system piping schematic no scale 1 a1. Download 309. 2 Piping for Recirculation Systems Having Master Thermostatic Valves: Where a thermostatic mixing valve is used in a system with a hot water recirculating pump, the hot water or tempered water return line shall be routed to the cold water inlet pipe of the water heater and the cold water inlet pipe or the hot water Feb 10, 2015 · Clearing A Flow Path. jz yf jc ig bf im wc au dp ka